Infertility is one of the most increasing health problems of the population. Endometrialstructure and receptivity are among the most significant factors for successful embryoimplantation and pregnancy development. Nevertheless, the available data on the regulationof endometrial function and its structure in conditions of hormonal and metabolic dysbalanceare insufficient. This makes it necessary for deeper research of the human endometriumin these fields. In the review we analyzed the genetic and epigenetic changes of the endometrialtissue, presented modern ideas about the cellular and tissue levels of regulation of normalendometrium and their changes in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).Modern diagnostic markers of endometrial dysregulation are also considered. However,it is noted that further research is required to develop clear diagnostic algorithmsand therapeutic effects aimed at improving reproductive outcomes in PCOS.
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- 1. Zorina, R. M. Sravnitel'noe izuchenie urovnej associirovannogo s beremennost'yu α2-glikoproteina, α2-makroglobulina i nekotoryh citokinov u beremennyh i zhenshchin, ispol'zuyushchih kombinirovannye oral'nye kontraceptivy / R. M. Zorina [et al.] // Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. – 2013. – № 4. – S. 33–37.
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- 5. Cermik, D., Selam B., Taylor H. S. Regulation of HOXA-10 expression by testosterone in vitro and in the endometrium of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. – 2003. – Vol. 88, № 1. – P. 238–243. – doi: 10.1210/jc. 2002-021072.
- 6. Сooney, L. G., Dokras A. Beyond fertility: polycystic ovary syndrome and long-term health // Fertil.Steril. – 2018. – Vol. 110. – P. 794–809. – doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.08.021.
- 7. Di Pietro, C. Altered transcriptional regulationof cytokines, growth factors and apoptotic proteins in the endometrium of infertile women with chronic endometritis / C. Di Pietro [et al.] // Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. – 2013. – № 5. – P. 509–17.
- 8. Duffy, J. M. N. Top 10 priorities for future fertility research: An international consensus development study / J. M. N. Duffy, G. D. Adamson, E. Benson [et al.] // Fertil. Steril. – 2021. – Vol. 115. – P. 180–190.
- 9. Dunk, C., Kwan M., Hazan A., Walker S., Wright J. K., Harris L. K. et al. Failure of decidualization and maternal immune tolerance underlies uterovascular resistance in intra uterine growth restriction // Front. Endocrinol. – 2019. – Vol. 10. – P. 160. – doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00160.
- 10. Goncharenco, V. M. Predictive diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and personalised therapeutic strategy in women of fertile age / V. M. Goncharenco [et al.] // EPMA J. – 2013. – № 1. – P. 24.
- 11. Gregory, C. W. Steroid receptor coactivaitor expression troughout the menstrual cycle in normal and abnormal endometrium / C. W. Gregory [et al.] // J. Clin. Endocrainol. Metab. – 2002. – № 6. – P. 2060–6.
- 12. Li, T., Ling E., Dalton C., Bolton A. Concentration of the endomertrial protein pp14 in uterine flushing throughout the menstrual cycle in normal fertile women // Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. – 1993. – Vol. 100. – P. 460–464.
- 13. Meczekalski, B., Pérez-Roncero G. R., LópezBaena M. T., Chedraui P., Pérez-López F. R. The polycystic ovary syndrome and gynecological cancer risk // Gynecol. Endocrinol. – 2020. – Vol. 36, № 4. – P. 289–293. – doi: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1730794.
- 14. Mertens, H. J. Androgen, estrogen and progesteron receptor express in the human uterus during the menstrual cycle / H. J. Mertens, M. J. Heineman, P. H. Theunissen [et al.] // Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. – 2001. – № 1. – P. 58–65.
- 15. Ohara, M., Yoshida-Komiya H., Ono-Okutsu M., Yamaguchi-Ito A., Takahashi T., Fujimori K. Metformin reduces androgen receptor and upregulates homeobox A10 expression in uterine endometrium in women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. – 2021. – Vol. 19, № 1 – P. 77. – doi: 10.1186/s12958-021-00765-6.
- 16. Pathare, A. D. S., Hinduja I., Mahadik R. C. Basic aspects of endometrial receptivity in PCOS patients // Mol Biol Rep. – 2022. – Vol. 49, № 2. – P. 1519–1528. – doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-06976-9.
- 17. Patel, B., Elguero S., Thakore S. et al. Role of nuclear progesterone receptor isoforms in uterine pathophysiology // Hum. Reprod. Update. – 2015. – Vol. 21, № 2. – P. 155–173. – doi: 10.1093/humupd/ dmu056.
- 18. Piltonen, T. T., Chen J. C., Khatun M. et al. Endometrial stromal fibroblasts from women with po lycystic ovary syndrome have impaired progesteronemediated decidualization, aberrant cytokine profiles and promote enhanced immune cell migration in vitro // Hum Reprod. – 2015. – Vol. 30, № 5. – P. 1203–1215. – doi: 10.1093/humrep/dev055.
- 19. Quezada, S. Evaluation of steroid receptors, coregulators, and molecules associated with uterine receptivity in secretory endometria from untreated women with polycystic ovary syndrome / S. Quezada [et al.] // Fertil Steril. – 2006. – Vol. 85, № 4. – P. 1017–1026. – doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.09. 053.
- 20. Savaris, R. F., Groll J. M., Young S. L. et al. Progesterone resistance in PCOS endometrium: a microarray analysis in clomiphene citrate-treated and artificial menstrual cycles // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. – 2011. – Vol. 96, № 6. – P. 1737–1746. – doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-2600.
- 21. Serafini, P., Rocha A. M., Osorio C. T. et al. Endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor as a predictor of pregnancy after in vitro fertilization // Int J Gynaecol Obstet. – 2008. – Vol. 102, № 1. – P. 23–27. – doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.12.005.
- 22. Zhao, J., Chen, Q., Xue X. An update on the progress of endometrial receptivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Reprod. Sci. – 2022. – Vol. 29, № 8. – P. 2136–2144. – doi: 10.1007/s43032-021- 00641-z.