Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are difficult injuries. Thorough assessment and documentation of the neuro-vascular condition of the arm on admission and during the treatment are needed. Radiological evaluation allows to classify the injury and to choose treatment strategy. Extension mechanism is prevailing in these injuries. Displaced fractures require closed reduction and transcutaneous wire fixation, ideally performed by the senior surgeon. During plaster cast immobilization flexion in the elbow shall be avoided as it may provoke vascular disturbances. When normal blood supply of the limb is maintained, surgical treatment may be delayed until skilled surgical team and other resources are available. In cases with the disturbances of the distal flow urgent reduction of the fracture is indicated, which allows to restore the blood supply in 80 % of cases. When after reduction the absence of pulsation on a.radialis is associated with the pink hand – surgical revision and exploration of humeral artery is indicated.
- 1. Abbott, M. D., Buchler L., Loder R. T. et al. Gartland type III supracondylar humerus fractures: outcome and complications as related to operative timing and pin configuration // J Child Orthop. – 2014. – № 8(6). – P. 473–477.
- 2. Badkoobehi, H., Choi P. D., Bae D. S., Skaggs D. L. Management of the pulseless pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture // J. Bone Joint Surg [Am]. – 2015. – Vol. 97-A(11). – Р. 937–943.
- 3. Cheng, J. C., Lam T. P., Maffulli N. Epidemiological features of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in Chinese children // J. Pediatr Orthop B. – 2001. – № 10(1). – Р. 63–67.
- 4. Gartland, J. J. Management of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children // Surg Gynecol Obstet. – 1959. – Vol. 109(2). – Р. 145–154.
- 5. Gordon, J. E., Patton C. M., Luhmann S. J., Bassett G. S., Schoenecker P. L. Fracture stability after pinning of displaced supracondylar distal humerus fractures in children // J Pediatr Orthop. – 2001. – Vol. 21(3). – Р. 313–318.
- 6. Kocher, M. S., Kasser J. R., Waters P. M. et al. Lateral entry compared with medial and lateral entry pin fixation for completely displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children: a randomized clinical trial // J Bone Joint Surg Am. – 2007. – Vol. 89. – Р. 706–712. 10.2106/JBJS. F.00379
- 7. Lee, K. M., Chung C. Y., Gwon D. K. et al. Medial and lateral crossed pinning versus lateral pinning for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children: decision analysis // J Pediatr Orthop. – 2012. – Vol. 32(2). – Р. 131–138.
- 8. Louahem, D., Cottalorda J. Acute ischemia and pink pulseless hand in 68 of 404 Gartland type III supracondylar humeral fractures in children: urgent management and therapeutic consensus // Injury. – 2016. – Vol. 47(4). – Р. 848–852.
- 9. Lyons, J. P., Ashley E., Hoffer M. M. Ulnar nerve palsies after percutaneous crosspinning of supracondylar fractures in children’s elbows // J. Pediatr. Orthop. – 1998. – Vol. 18(1). – Р. 43–45.
- 10. Mangat, K. S., Martin A. G., Bache C. E. The “pulseless pink” hand after supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children: the predictive value of nerve palsy // J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. – 2009. – Vol. 91-B(11). – Р. 1521–1525.
- 11. Muchow, R. D., Riccio A. I., Garg S., Ho C. A., Wimberly R. L. Neurological and vascular injury associated with supracondylar humerus fractures and ipsilateral forearm fractures in children // J Pediatr Orthop. – 2015. – Vol. 35(2). – Р. 121–125.
- 12. Mulpuri, K., Hosalkar H., Howard A. AAOS clinical practice guideline: the treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures // J Am Acad Orthop Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 20(5). – Р. 328–330.
- 13. Omid, R., Choi P. D., Skaggs D. L. Supracondylar humeral fractures in children // J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. – 2008. – Vol. 90-A(5). – Р. 1121–1132.
- 14. Schmale, G. A., Mazor S., Mercer L. D., Bompadre V. Lack of benefit of physical therapy on function following supracondylar humeral fracture: a randomized controlled trial // J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. – 2014. – Vol. 96-A(11). – Р. 944–950.
- 15. Shenoy, P. M., Islam A., Puri R. Current Management of Paediatric Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus // Cureus. – 2020. – Vol. 15, № 12(5). – Р. e8137. – doi: 10.7759/cureus.8137. PMID: 32550057; PMCID: PMC7294900
- 16. Skaggs, D. L., Hale J. M., Bassett J., Kaminsky C., Kay R. M., Tolo V. T. Operative treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. The consequences of pin placement // J Bone Joint Surg Am. – 2001. – Vol. 83(5). – Р. 735–40. PMID: 11379744
- 17. Smuin, D. M., Hennrikus W. L. The effect of the pucker sign on outcomes of type III extension supracondylar fractures in children // J Pediatr Orthop. – 2017. – Vol. 37(4). – Р. e229-e232.
- 18. Srikumaran, U., Tan E. W., Belkoff S. M. et al. Enhanced biomechanical stiffness with large pins in the operative treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures // J Pediatr Orthop. – 2012. – Vol. 32. – Р. 201–205. 10.1097/BPO.0b013e31824536c8
- 19. Vaquero-Picado, A., González-Morán G., Moraleda L. Management of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children // EFORT Open Rev. – 2018. – Vol. 1, № 3(10). – P. 526–540. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.3. 170049. PMID: 30662761; PMCID: PMC6335593
- 20. Woratanarat, P., Angsanuntsukh C., Rattanasiri S. et al. Meta-analysis of pinning in supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children // J. Orthop Trauma. – 2012. – Vol. 26(1). – P. 48–53.
- References
- 1. Abbott, M. D., Buchler L., Loder R. T. et al. Gartland type III supracondylar humerus fractures: outcome and complications as related to operative timing and pin configuration // J Child Orthop. – 2014. – № 8(6). – Р. 473–477.
- 2. Badkoobehi, H., Choi P. D., Bae D. S., Skaggs D. L. Management of the pulseless pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture // J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. – 2015. – Vol. 97-A(11). – Р. 937–943.
- 3. Cheng, J. C., Lam T. P., Maffulli N. Epidemiological features of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in Chinese children // J. Pediatr Orthop B. – 2001. – № 10(1). – Р. 63–67.
- 4. Gartland, J. J. Management of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children // Surg Gynecol Obstet. – 1959. – Vol. 109(2). – Р. 145–154.
- 5. Gordon, J. E., Patton C. M., Luhmann S. J., Bassett G. S., Schoenecker P. L. Fracture stability after pinning of displaced supracondylar distal humerus fractures in children // J. Pediatr Orthop. – 2001. – Vol. 21(3). – Р. 313–318.
- 6. Kocher, M. S., Kasser J. R., Waters P. M. et al. Lateral entry compared with medial and lateral entry pin fixation for completely displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children: a randomized clinical trial // J Bone Joint Surg Am. – 2007. – Vol. 89. – Р. 706–712. 10.2106/JBJS. F.00379
- 7. Lee, K. M., Chung C. Y., Gwon D. K. et al. Medial and lateral crossed pinning versus lateral pinning for supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children: decision analysis // J. Pediatr Orthop. – 2012. – Vol. 32(2). – Р. 131–138.
- 8. Louahem, D., Cottalorda J. Acute ischemia and pink pulseless hand in 68 of 404 Gartland type III supracondylar humeral fractures in children: urgent management and therapeutic consensus // Injury. – 2016. – Vol. 47(4). – Р. 848–852.
- 9. Lyons, J. P, Ashley E, Hoffer M. M. Ulnar nerve palsies after percutaneous crosspinning of supracondylar fractures in children’s elbows // J Pediatr Orthop. – 1998. – № 18(1). – Р. 43–45.
- 10. Mangat, K. S., Martin A. G., Bache C. E. The “pulseless pink” hand after supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children: the predictive value of nerve palsy // J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. – 2009. – Vol. 91-B(11). – Р. 1521–1525.
- 11. Muchow, R. D., Riccio A. I., Garg S., Ho C. A., Wimberly R. L. Neurological and vascular injury associated with supracondylar humerus fractures and ipsilateral forearm fractures in children // J Pediatr Orthop. – 2015. – Vol. 35(2). – Р. 121–125.
- 12. Mulpuri, K., Hosalkar H., Howard A. AAOS clinical practice guideline: the treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures // J Am Acad Orthop Surg. – 2012. – Vol. 20(5). – Р. 328–330.
- 13. Omid, R., Choi P. D., Skaggs D. L. Supracondylar humeral fractures in children // J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. – 2008. – Vol. 90-A(5). – Р. 1121–1132.
- 14. Schmale, G. A., Mazor S., Mercer L. D., Bompadre V. Lack of benefit of physical therapy on function following supracondylar humeral fracture: a randomized controlled trial // J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. – 2014. – Vol. 96-A(11). – Р. 944–950.
- 15. Shenoy, P. M., Islam A., Puri R. Current Management of Paediatric Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus // Cureus. – 2020. – Vol. 15, № 12(5). – Р. e8137. doi: 10.7759/cureus.8137. PMID: 32550057; PMCID: PMC7294900
- 16. Skaggs, D. L., Hale J. M., Bassett J., Kaminsky C., Kay R. M., Tolo V. T. Operative treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. The consequences of pin placement // J Bone Joint Surg Am. – 2001. – Vol. 83(5). – Р. 735–40. PMID: 11379744
- 17. Smuin, D. M., Hennrikus W. L. The effect of the pucker sign on outcomes of type III extension supracondylar fractures in children // J Pediatr Orthop. – 2017. – Vol. 37(4). – Р. e229–e232.
- 18. Srikumaran, U., Tan E. W., Belkoff S. M. et al. Enhanced biomechanical stiffness with large pins in the operative treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures // J Pediatr Orthop. – 2012. – Vol. 32. – Р. 201–205. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e31824536c8
- 19. Vaquero-Picado, A., González-Morán G., Moraleda L. Management of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children // EFORT Open Rev. – 2018. – Vol. 1, № 3(10). – Р. 526–540. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170049. PMID: 30662761; PMCID: PMC6335593
- 20. Woratanarat, P., Angsanuntsukh C., Rattanasiri S. et al. Meta-analysis of pinning in supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children // J Orthop Trauma. – 2012. – Vol. 26(1). – Р. 48–53.
- Поступила 12.10.2021 г.