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Деформации и контрактуры коленного сустава

Мохаммад Али Алькатауне, Е. В. Жук, П. И. Беспальчук УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет»
2021 №3 | Лекции
Аннотация
Список литературы
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В статье приведен сравнительный анализ функциональных результатов тотального эндопротезирования коленного сустава и его послеоперационной деформации и контрактуры у 124 пациентов (22 мужчины и 102 женщины), страдающих гонартрозом, в возрасте от 51 до 83 лет (в среднем 69,8 года), оперированных с использованием стандартной методики (n = 62) либо с использованием системы компьютерной навигации (n = 62), наблюдавшихся в течение 12 мес. с момента хирургического вмешательства. Использование навигационной системы позволило в ряде случаев достичь более точной резекции бедренной и большеберцовой костей (6,5 % случаев отклонений от анатомической оси против 19,4 % в контрольной группе), а также определить степени деформации и выраженность контрактуры для достижения наиболее оптимальной амплитуды движения после эндопротезирования (3,2 % против 8,1 %), однако данных о достоверном превосходстве функциональных результатов в указанные сроки наблюдения не выявлено.
Ключевые слова:
коленный сустав, эндопротезирование, компьютерная навигация
Deformation and contracture of knee joint

The article provides a comparative analysis of the functional results of total knee arthroplasty and its postoperative deformity and contracture in 124 patients (22 men and 102 women) suffering from gonarthrosis, aged 51 to 83 years (average 69.8 years), operated on with using a standard technique (n = 62) or using a computer navigation system (n = 62), observed for 12 months. from the moment of surgery. The use of the navigation system made it possible in a number of cases to achieve more accurate resection of the femur and tibia (6.5 % of cases of deviations from the anatomical axis versus 19.4 % in the control group), as well as to determine the degree of deformity and severity of contracture to achieve the most optimal range of motion after endoprosthetics (3.2 % versus 8.1 %), however, there was no evidence of a significant superiority of functional results within the indicated follow­up period.

Keywords
knee joint, arthroplasty, computer navigation
  • Литература
  • 1. Anderson, K. C. Computer assisted navigation in total knee arthroplasty: comparison with conventional methods / K. C. Anderson, K. C. Buehler, D. C. Markel // J Arthroplasty. – 2005. – Vol. 20, № 7. – Suppl 3. – P. 132.
  • 2. Arirachakaran, A. Clinical outcomes after high-flex versus conventional total knee arthroplasty / A. Arirachakaran, T. Wande, K. Pituckhanotai, P. Predeeprompan, J. Kongtharvonskul // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2015. – Vol. 23, № 60. – P. 1610–1621.
  • 3. Baier, C. Improved kinematics of total knee replacement following partially navigated modified gap-balancing technique / C. Baier, W. Fitz, B. Craiovan, A. Keshmiri, S. Winkler, R. Springorum, J. Grifka, J. Beckmann // Int Orthop. – 2014. – Vol. 38, № 2. – P. 243–249.
  • 4. Begg, R. K. Ageing effects on knee and ankle joint angles at key events and phases of the gait cycle / R. K. Begg, W. A. Sparrow // J Med Eng Technol. – 2006. – Vol. 30, № 6. – P. 382–389.
  • 5. Behrend, H. The “forgotten joint” as the ultimate goal in joint arthroplasty: validation of a new patient-reported outcome measure / H. Behrend, K. Giesinger, J. M. Giesinger, M. S. Kuster // J Arthroplast. – 2012. – Vol. 27, № 3. – P. 430–436.
  • 6. Bellemans, J. Fluoroscopic analysis of the kinematics of deep flexion in total knee arthroplasty. Influence of posterior condylar offset / J. Bellemans, S. Banks, J. Victor, H. Vandenneucker, A. Moemans // J Bone Jt Surg Br. – 2002. – Vol. 84, № 1. – P. 50–53.
  • 7. Bellemans, J. Flexion contractureintotal kneearthroplasty / J. Bellemans, H. Vandenneucker, J. Victor, Vanlauwe // J Clin Orthop Relat. – 2006. – Res. 452. – P. 78–82.
  • 8. Campbell, D. G. Multiparameter quantitative computer-assisted tomography assessment of unicompartmental knee arthroplasties / D. G. Campbell, L. J. Johnson, S. C. West // ANZ J Surg. – 2006. – Vol. 76, № 9. – P. 782–787.
  • 9. Casino, D. Intraoperative evaluation of total knee replacement: kinematic assessment with a navigation system / D. Casino, S. Zaffagnini, S. Martelli, N. Lopomo, S. Bignozzi, F. Iacono, A. Russo, M. Marcacci // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2009. – Vol. 17, № 4. – P. 369–373.
  • 10. Dennis, D. A. Factors affecting flexion after total knee arthroplasty / D. A. Dennis, R. D. Komistek, G. R. Scuderi // Zingde Clin Orthop Relat. – 2007. – Res. 464. – P. 53–60.
  • 11. Dixon, M. C. Modular fixedbearing total knee arthroplasty with retention of the posterior cruciate ligament. A study of patients followed for a minimum of fifteen years / M. C. Dixon, R. R. Brown, D. Parsch, R. D. Scott // J Bone Joint Surg. – 2005. – Am. 87. – P. 598–603.
  • 12. Edwards, E. The effect of postoperative collateralligament laxity in total knee arthroplasty / E. Edwards, J. Miller // Chan Clin Orthop Relat. – 1988. – Res. 236. – P. 44–51.
  • 13. Engh, G. A. Joint line restoration and flexion extension balance with revision total knee arthroplasty. Revision total knee arthroplasty / G. A. Engh, Mc. Auley // JP. Baltimore. Williams and Wilkins. – 1997. – P. 235.
  • 14. Ferber, R. Effect of PNF stretch techniques on knee flexor muscle EMG activity in older adults / R. Ferber, L. Osternig, D. Gravelle // J Electromyogr Kinesiol. – 2002. – Vol. 12, № 5. – P. 391–397.
  • 15. Figgie III H. E. The in fluence of tibial – patella femoral location on function of the knee in patients with the posterior stabilized condylar knee prosthesis / H. E. Figgie III, V. M. Goldberg, K. G. Heiple [et al.] // J Bone Joint Surg Am. – 1986. – Vol. 68-A. – P. 1035.
  • 16. Fitzgerald, J. D. Patient quality of life during the 12 months following joint replacement surgery / J. D. Fitzgerald, E. J. Orav, T. H. Lee, E. R. Marcantonio, R. Poss, L. Goldman, C. M. Mangione // Arthritis Rheum. – 2004. – Vol. 51, № 1. – P. 100–109.
  • 17. Fujimoto, E. Intra-operative gaps affect outcome and postoperative kinematics in vivo following cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty / E. Fujimoto, Y. Sasashige, T. Tomita, H. Sasaki, Y. Touten, Y. Fujiwara, M. Ochi //Int Orthop. – 2015. – doi:10.1007.s00264-015-2847-y
  • 18. Gallie, P. A. Computer-assisted navigation for the assessment of fixed flexion in knee arthroplasty / P. A. Gallie, E. T. Davis, K. Macgroarty, J. P. Waddell, E. H. Schemitsch Can // J Surg.– 2010. – Vol. 53, № 1. – P. 42–46.
  • 19. Gandhi, R. Predictive risk factors for stiff knees in total knee arthroplasty / R. Gandhi, J. de Beer, J. Leone, D. Petruccelli, M. Winemaker, A. Adili // J Arthroplast. – 2006. – Vol. 21, № 1. – P. 46–52.
  • 20. Giesinger, K. Comparative responsiveness of outcome measures for total knee arthroplasty. K. Giesinger, D. F. Hamilton, B. Jost, B. Holzner, J. M. Giesinger // Osteoarthr Cartil. – 2014. – Vol. 22, № 2. – P. 184–189.
  • 21. Harato, K. Extension limitation in standing affects weight-bearing asymmetry after unilateral total knee arthroplasty / K. Harato, T. Nagura, H. Matsumoto, T. Otani, Y. Toyama, Y. Suda // J Arthroplasty. – 2010. – Vol. 25, № 2. – P. 225–229.
  • 22. Harvie, P. Computer navigation vs conventional total knee arthroplasty: five-year functional results of a prospective randomized trial / P. Harvie, K. Sloan, R. J. Beaver // J Arthroplast. – 2012. – Vol. 27, № 5. – P. 667–672.
  • 23. Hetaimish, B. M. Meta-analysis of navigation vs conventional total knee arthroplasty / B. M. Hetaimish, M. M. Khan, N. Simunovic, H. H. Al-Harbi, M. Bhandari, P. K. Zalzal //J Arthroplast. – 2012. – Vol. 27, № 6. – P. 1177–1182.
  • 24. Higuchi, H. Relationship between joint gap difference and range of motion in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomised study between different platforms / H. Higuchi, K. Hatayama, M. Shimizu, A. Kobayashi, T. Kobayashi, K. Takagishi // Int Orthop. –2009. – Vol. 33, № 4. – P. 997–1000.
  • 25. Jeffcote, B. The variation in medial and lateral collateral ligament strain and tibiofemoral forces following changes in the flexion and extension gaps in total knee replacement laboratory experiment using cadaver knees / B. Jeffcote, R. Nicholls, A. Schirm, M. S. Kuster // J Bone Jt Surg Br. – 2007. – Vol. 89, № 11. – P. 1528–1533.
  • 26. Kim, S. J. Computer assisted navigation in total knee arthroplasty: improved coronal alignment / S. J. Kim, M. MacDonald, J. Hernandez, R. L. Wixson // J Arthroplast. – 2005. – Vol. 20, № 7. – Suppl. 3. – P. 123–131.
  • 27. Klein, G. R. The effect of knee component design changes on range of motion evaluation in vivo by a computerized navigation system / G. R. Klein, C. Restrepo, W. J. Hozack //J Arthroplasty. – 2006. – Vol. 21, № 5. – P. 623–627.
  • 28. Kuster, M. S. Influence of collateral ligament laxity on patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty: a comparative bilateral study / M. S. Kuster, B. Bitschnau, T. Votruba // Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. – 2004. – Vol. 124, № 4. –P. 15–41.
  • 29. Lam, L.O. Fixed flexion deformity and flexion after knee arthroplasty. What happens in the first 12 months after surgery and can a poor outcome be predicted? /L. O. Lam, S. Swift, D. Shakespeare // Knee. – 2003. – Vol. 10, № 2. – P. 181–185.
  • 30. Lutzner, J. No difference between computer-assisted and conventional total knee arthroplasty: fiveyear results of a prospective randomised study / J. Lutzner, J. Dexel, S. Kirschner // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2013. – Vol. 21, № 10. – P. 2241–2247.
  • 31. Meneghini, R. M. The effect of the Insall–Salvati ratio on outcome after total knee arthroplasty / R. M. Meneghini, M. A. Ritter, J. L. Pierson, J. B. Meding, M. E. Berend, P. M. Faris // J Arthroplasty. – 2006. – Vol. 21, № 6. – Suppl. 2. – P. 116–120.
  • 32. Minoda, Y. Mobile-bearing prosthesis and intraoperative gap balancing are not predictors of superior knee flexion:a prospective randomized study / Y. Minoda, H. Iwaki, M. Ikebuchi, T. Yoshida, S. Mizokawa, M. Itokazu, H. Nakamura // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2015. – Vol. 23, № 7. – P. 986–1992.
  • 33. Muller, P. E. Influence of minimally invasive surgery on implant positioning and the functional outcome for medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty / P. E. Muller, C. Pellengahr, M. Witt, J. Kircher, H. J. Refior, V. Jansson // J Arthroplasty. – 2004. – Vol. 19, № 3. – P. 296–301.
  • 34. Nicholls, R. L. Tibiofemoral force following total knee arthroplasty: comparison of four prosthesis designs in vitro / R. L. Nicholls, A. C. Schirm, B. O. Jeffcote, M. S. Kuster //J Orthop. – 2007. – Res. 25. – P. 1506–1512.
  • 35. Parsley, B. S. Preoperative flexion. Does it influence postoperative flexion after posterior-cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty? / B. S. Parsley, G. A. Engh, K. A. Dwyer // Clin Orthop Relat. – 1992. – Res. 275. – P. 204–210.
  • 36. Pietsch, M. Custom-fit minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: effect on blood loss and early clinical outcomes / M. Pietsch, O. Djahani, Ch. Zweiger, F. Plattner, R. Radl, Ch. Tschauner, S. Hofmann // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2013. – Vol. 21, № 10. – P. 2234–2240.
  • 37. Ritter, M. A. Predicting range of motion after total knee arthroplasty / M. A. Ritter, L. D. Harty, K. E. Davis, J. B. Meding // Berend Clustering, log-linear regression, and regression tree analysis // J Bone Jt Surg Am. – 2003. – Vol. 85, № 7. – P. 1278–1285.
  • 38. Ritter, M. A. The role offlexion contracture on outcomes in primary total knee arthroplasty. / M. A. Ritter, J. D. Lutgring, K. E. Davis, M. E. Berend, J. L. Pierson, R. M. Meneghini //J Arthroplasty. – 2007. – Vol. 22, № 8. – P. 1092–1096.
  • 39. Roh, Y. W. Preservation of the posterior cruciate ligament is not helpful in highly conforming mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled study / Y. W. Roh, J. Jang, W. C. Choi, J. K. Lee, S. H. Chun, S. Lee, S. C. Seong, M. C. Lee // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2013. – Vol. 21, № 12. – P. 2850–2859.
  • 40. Scuderi, G. R. Management of flexion contracture in total knee arthroplasty / G. R. Scuderi, T. Kochhar //J Arthroplasty. – 2007. – Vol. 22, № 4. – Suppl. 1. – P. 20–24.
  • References
  • 1. Anderson, K. C. Computer assisted navigation in total knee arthroplasty: comparison with conventional methods. / K. C. Anderson, K. C. Buehler, D. C. Markel // J Arthroplasty. – 2005. – Vol. 20, № 7. – Suppl. 3. – P. 132.
  • 2. Arirachakaran, A. Clinical outcomes after high-flex versus conventional total knee arthroplasty / A. Arirachakaran, T. Wande, K. Pituckhanotai, P. Predeeprompan, J. Kongtharvonskul // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2015. – Vol. 23, № 60. – P. 1610–1621.
  • 3. Baier, C. Improved kinematics of total knee replacement following partially navigated modified gap-balancing technique / C. Baier, W. Fitz, B. Craiovan, A. Keshmiri, S. Winkler, R. Springorum, J. Grifka, J. Beckmann // Int Orthop. – 2014. – Vol. 38, № 2. – P. 243–249.
  • 4. Begg, R. K. Ageing effects on knee and ankle joint angles at key events and phases of the gait cycle / R. K. Begg, W. A. Sparrow // J Med Eng Technol – 2006. – Vol. 30, № 6. – P. 382–389.
  • 5. Behrend, H. The “forgotten joint” as the ultimate goal in joint arthroplasty: validation of a new patient-reported outcome measure / H. Behrend, K. Giesinger, J. M. Giesinger, M. S. Kuster // J Arthroplast. – 2012. – Vol. 27, № 3. – P. 430–436.
  • 6. Bellemans, J. Fluoroscopic analysis of the kinematics of deep flexion in total knee arthroplasty. Influence of posterior condylar offset / J. Bellemans, S. Banks, J. Victor, H. Vandenneucker, A. Moemans // J Bone Jt Surg Br. – 2002. – Vol. 84, № 1. – P. 50–53.
  • 7. Bellemans, J. Flexion contractureintotal kneearthroplasty / J. Bellemans, H. Vandenneucker, J. Victor Vanlauwe // J Clin Orthop Relat. – 2006. – Res. 452. – P. 78–82.
  • 8. Campbell, D. G. Multiparameter quantitative computerassisted tomography assessment of unicompartmental knee arthroplasties / D. G. Campbell, L. J. Johnson, S. C. West // ANZ J Surg. – 2006. – Vol. 76, № 9. – P. 782–787.
  • 9. Casino, D. Intraoperative evaluation of total knee replacement: kinematic assessment with a navigation system / D. Casino, S. Zaffagnini, S. Martelli, N. Lopomo, S. Bignozzi, F. Iacono, A. Russo, M. Marcacci // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2009. – Vol. 17, № 4. – P. 369–373.
  • 10. Dennis, D. A. Factors affecting flexion after total knee arthroplasty / D. A. Dennis, R. D. Komistek, G. R. Scuderi // Zingde Clin Orthop Relat. – 2007. – Res. 464. – P. 53–60.
  • 11. Dixon, M. C. Modular fixedbearing total knee arthroplasty with retention of the posterior cruciate ligament. A study of patients followed for a minimum of fifteen years / M. C. Dixon, R. R. Brown, D. Parsch, R. D. Scott // J Bone Joint Surg. – 2005. – Am. 87 – P. 598–603.
  • 12. Edwards, E. The effect of postoperative collateral igament laxity in total knee arthroplasty / E. Edwards, J. Miller // Chan Clin Orthop Relat. – 1988. – Res. 236. – P. 44–51.
  • 13. Engh, G. A. Joint line restoration and flexion extension balance with revision total knee arthroplasty. Revision total knee arthroplasty / G. A. Engh, Mc. Auley // JP. Baltimore. Williams and Wilkins. – 1997. – P. 235.
  • 14. Ferber, R. Effect of PNF stretch techniques on knee flexor muscle EMG activity in older adults / R. Ferber, L. Osternig, D. Gravelle // J Electromyogr Kinesiol. – 2002. – Vol. 12, № 5. – P. 391–397.
  • 15. Figgie, III H. E. The in fluence of tibial – patella femoral location on function of the knee in patients with the posterior stabilized condylar knee prosthesis / H. E. Figgie III, V. M. Goldberg, K. G. Heiple [et al.] // J Bone Joint Surg Am. – 1986. – Vol. 68-A. – P. 1035.
  • 16. Fitzgerald, J. D. Patient quality of life during the 12 months following joint replacement surgery / J. D. Fitzgerald, E. J. Orav, T. H. Lee, E. R. Marcantonio, R. Poss, L. Goldman, C. M. Mangione // Arthritis Rheum. – 2004. – Vol. 51, № 1. – P. 100–109.
  • 17. Fujimoto, E. Intra-operative gaps affect outcome and postoperative kinematics in vivo following cruciateretaining total knee arthroplasty / E. Fujimoto, Y. Sasashige, T. Tomita, H. Sasaki, Y. Touten, Y. Fujiwara, M. Ochi // Int Orthop. – 2015. – doi.10.1007.s00264–015–2847-y
  • 18. Gallie, P. A. Computer-assisted navigation for the assessment of fixed flexion in knee arthroplasty / P. A. Gallie, E. T. Davis, K. Macgroarty, J. P. Waddell, E. H. Schemitsch Can // J Surg. – 2010. – Vol. 53,№ 1. – P. 42–46.
  • 19. Gandhi, R. Predictive risk factors for stiff knees in total knee arthroplasty / R. Gandhi, J. de Beer, J. Leone, D. Petruccelli, M. Winemaker, A. Adili // J Arthroplast. – 2006. – Vol. 21, № 1. – P. 46–52.
  • 20. Giesinger, K. Comparative responsiveness of outcome measures for total knee arthroplasty. K. Giesinger, D. F. Hamilton, B. Jost, B. Holzner, J. M. Giesinger // Osteoarthr Cartil. – 2014. – Vol. 22, № 2. – P. 184–189.
  • 21. Harato, K. Extension limitation in standing affects weightbearing asymmetry after unilateral total knee arthroplasty / K. Harato, T. Nagura, H. Matsumoto, T. Otani, Y. Toyama, Y. Suda // J Arthroplasty. – 2010. – Vol. 25, № 2. – P. 225–229.
  • 22. Harvie, P. Computer navigation vs conventional total knee arthroplasty: five-year functional results of a prospective randomized trial / P. Harvie, K. Sloan, R. J. Beaver // J Arthroplast. – 2012. – Vol. 27, № 5. – P. 667–672.
  • 23. Hetaimish, B. M. Meta-analysis of navigation vs conventional total knee arthroplasty / B. M. Hetaimish, M. M. Khan, N. Simunovic, H. H . Al-Harbi, M. Bhandari, P. K. Zalzal //J Arthroplast. – 2012. – Vol. 27, № 6. – P. 1177–1182.
  • 24. Higuchi, H. Relationship between joint gap difference and range of motion in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomised study between different platforms / H. Higuchi, K. Hatayama, M. Shimizu, A. Kobayashi, T. Kobayashi, K. Takagishi // Int Orthop – 2009. – Vol. 33, № 4. –P. 997–1000.
  • 25. Jeffcote, B. The variation in medial and lateral collateral ligament strain and tibiofemoral forces following changes in the flexion and extension gaps in total knee replacement laboratory experiment using cadaver knees / B. Jeffcote, R. Nicholls, A. Schirm, M. S. Kuster // J Bone Jt Surg Br. – 2007. – Vol. 89, № 11. – P. 1528–1533.
  • 26. Kim, S. J. Computer assisted navigation in total knee arthroplasty: improved coronal alignment / S. J. Kim, M. MacDonald, J. Hernandez, R. L. Wixson // J Arthroplast. – 2005. – Vol. 20, № 7. – Suppl. 3. – P. 123–131.
  • 27. Klein, G. R. The effect of knee component design changes on range of motion evaluation in vivo by a computerized navigation system / G. R. Klein, C. Restrepo, W. J. Hozack //J Arthroplasty. – 2006. – Vol. 21, № 5. – P. 623–627.
  • 28. Kuster, M. S. Influence of collateral ligament laxity on patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty: a comparative bilateral study / M. S. Kuster, B. Bitschnau, T. Votruba // Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. – 2004. – Vol. 124, № 4. – P. 15–41.
  • 29. Lam, L. O. Fixed flexion deformity and flexion after knee arthroplasty. What happens in the first 12 months after surgery and can a poor outcome be predicted? /L. O. Lam, S. Swift, D. Shakespeare // Knee. – 2003. –Vol. 10, № 2. – P. 181–185.
  • 30. Lutzner, J. No difference between computer-assisted and conventional total knee arthroplasty: fiveyear results of a prospective randomised study / J. Lutzner, J. Dexel, S. Kirschner // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2013. – Vol. 21, № 10. – P. 2241–2247.
  • 31. Meneghini, R. M. The effect of the Insall–Salvati ratio on outcome after total knee arthroplasty / R. M. Meneghini, M. A. Ritter, J. L. Pierson, J. B. Meding, M. E. Berend, P. M. Faris // J Arthroplasty. – 2006. – Vol. 21, № 6. – Suppl. 2. – P. 116–120.
  • 32. Minoda, Y. Mobile-bearing prosthesis and intraoperative gap balancing are not predictors of superior knee flexion: a prospective randomized study / Y. Minoda, H. Iwaki, M. Ikebuchi, T. Yoshida, S. Mizokawa, M. Itokazu, H. Nakamura // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2015. – Vol. 23, № 7. – P.1986–1992.
  • 33. Muller, P. E. Influence of minimally invasive surgery on implant positioning and the functional outcome for medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty / P. E. Muller, C. Pellengahr, M. Witt, J. Kircher, H. J. Refior, V. Jansson // J Arthroplasty. – 2004. – Vol. 19, № 3. – P. 296–301.
  • 34. Nicholls, R. L. Tibiofemoral force following total knee arthroplasty: comparison of four prosthesis designs in vitro / R. L. Nicholls, A. C. Schirm, B. O. Jeffcote, M. S. Kuster //J Orthop. – 2007. – Res. 25. – P. 1506–1512.
  • 35. Parsley, B. S. Preoperative flexion. Does it influence postoperative flexion after posterior-cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty? / B. S. Parsley, G. A. Engh, K. A. Dwyer // Clin Orthop Relat. – 1992. – Res. 275. – P. 204–210.
  • 36. Pietsch, M. Custom-fit minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: effect on blood loss and early clinical outcomes / M. Pietsch, O. Djahani, Ch. Zweiger, F. Plattner, R. Radl, Ch. Tschauner, S. Hofmann // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2013. – Vol. 21, № 10. – P. 2234–2240.
  • 37. Ritter, M. A. Predicting range of motion after total knee arthroplasty / M. A Ritter, L. D. Harty, K. E. Davis, J. B. Meding // Berend Clustering, log-linear regression, and regression tree analysis // J Bone Jt Surg Am. – 2003. – Vol. 85, № 7. – P. 1278–1285.
  • 38. Ritter, M. A. The role offlexion contracture on outcomes in primary total knee arthroplasty / M. A. Ritter,J. D. Lutgring, K. E. Davis, M. E. Berend, J. L. Pierson, R. M. Meneghini //J Arthroplasty. – 2007. – Vol. 22, № 8. – P. 1092–1096.
  • 39. Roh, Y. W. Preservation of the posterior cruciate ligament is not helpful in highly conforming mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled study / Y. W. Roh, J. Jang, W. C. Choi, J. K. Lee, S. H. Chun, S. Lee, S. C. Seong, M. C. Lee // Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. – 2013. – Vol. 21, № 12. – P. 2850–2859.
  • 40. Scuderi, G. R. Management of flexion contracture in total knee arthroplasty / G. R. Scuderi, T. Kochhar // J Arthroplasty. – 2007. – Vol. 22, № 4. – Suppl. 1. – P. 20–24.