RU
Address
220006, Minsk, Leningradskaya Str. 6, office 2
Tel.: +375 17 363-88-92
E-mail: medjournal@bsmu.by

Ожирение и сахарный диабет как предикторы неблагоприятных исходов COVID-19

А. П. Шепелькевич, Ю. В. Дыдышко УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет»
2021 №1 | Лекции
Аннотация
Список литературы
Скачать полнотекстовую статью
В статье представлен аналитический обзор данных клинических исследований об особенностях манифестации и течения COVID-19 у пациентов с ожирением и сахарным диабетом. Проанализированы возможные механизмы взаимосвязи более тяжелого течения вирусной инфекции у пациентов с ожирением и сахарным диабетом. Приведены данные, свидетельствующие о роли сахарного диабета в качестве значимого предиктора неблагоприятных исходов инфекции COVID-19. Кроме того, суммированы результаты исследований, свидетельствующих о возможности прямого воздействии SARS-CoV-2 на функцию html5-dom-document-internal-entity2-946-end-клеток, что ассоциировано с быстрым и значимым ухудшением метаболического контроля у пациентов с ранее диагностированным сахарным диабетом или повышением риска развития впервые выявленного диабета. Указаны известные в настоящее время особенности применения сахароснижающих лекарственных средств при COVID-19. Также авторами сделан вывод о том, что для детального понимания механизмов, обусловливающих тяжелое течение COVID-19 при ожирении и сахарном диабете, необходимы дальнейшие исследования по оценке показателей респираторной дисфункции, кардиометаболических, иммунных, воспалительных и тромботических факторов, а также особенностей фармакотерапии.
Ключевые слова:
COVID-19, ожирение, сахарный диабет
Obesity and diabetes mellitus predictors of poor COVID-19 outcomes

The article provides an analytical review of clinical research data on the features of the manifestation and duration of COVID-19 in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus. Possible mechanisms of interrelation of more severe course of viral infection in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus were analyzed. The paper provides evidence of the role of diabetes mellitus as a significant predictor of severe outcomes of COVID-19. The results of studies showing the possibility of a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on html5-dom-document-internal-entity2-946-end-cell function, which is associated with a rapid and significant deterioration of metabolic control in patients with previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus or an increased risk of developing newly diagnosed diabetes, are summarized. The currently known features of the use of antidiabetic drugs for COVID-19 are indicated. The authors also concluded that for a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the severe course of COVID-19 in obesity and diabetes mellitus, further studies are needed to assess the indicators of respiratory dysfunction, cardiometabolic, immune, inflammatory and thrombotic factors, as well as the characteristics of pharmacotherapy.

Keywords
COVID-19 infection, obesity, diabetes mellitus
  • 1. Puig-Domingo, M. COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology /M. Puig-Domingo, M. Marazuela, A. Giustina // Endocrine. – 2020. – № 68 (Vol. 1). – P. 2–5.
  • 2. Hoffmann, M. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor / M. Hoffmann [et al.] // Cell. – 2020. – Vol. 181, № 2. – P. 271–280.
  • 3. Kuba, K. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury /K. Kuba [et al.] // Nat Med. – 2005. – Vol. 11. – P. 875–879.
  • 4. Lonsdale, J. The genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) project / J. Lonsdale [et al.] // Nat Genet. – 2013. – Vol. 45(6). – P. 580.
  • 5. Li, M.-Y, Li L., Zhang Y., Wang X.-S. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues // Infectious Diseases of Poverty. – 2020. – № 28;9(1):45. – doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x.
  • 6. Dobner, J., Kaser S. Body mass index and the risk of infection – from underweight to obesity // Clin Microbiol Infect. – 2018. – № 24(1). – P. 24–28.
  • 7. Wu, Z., McGoogan J. M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in china: summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention // JAMA. – 2020. – № 323. – P. 1239–1242.
  • 8. Grasselli, G. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS- CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy / G. Grasselli [et al.] // JAMA. – 2020. – № 28; 323(16). – P. 1574–1581.
  • 9. Bhatraju, P. K. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region – Case Series / P. K. Bhatraju [et al.] // N Engl J Med. – 2020. – 21;382(21). – P. 2012–2022.
  • 10. Stefan, N. Obesity and impaired metabolic health in patients with COVID-19 / N. Stefan [et al.] // Nat Rev Endocrinol. – 2020. – № 16(7). – P. 341–342.
  • 11. Ryan, P. M., Caplice N. M. Is Adipose Tissue a Reservoir for Viral Spread, Immune Activation, and Cytokine Amplification in Coronavirus Disease 2019? Obesity (Silver Spring). – 2020. – 10.1002/oby.22843. doi:10.1002/oby.22843.
  • 12. Bornstein, S. R. Endocrine and metabolic link to coronavirus infection / S. R. Bornstein [et al.] // Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. – 2020. – 16(6). – P. 297–298.
  • 13. Qingxian, C. Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in Shenzhen, China / C. Qingxian [et al.] //Diabetes Care. – 2020. – doi: 10.2337/dc20-0576.
  • 14. Petrilli, C. M. Factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness among 4,103 patients with COVID-19 disease in New York City / C. M. Petrilli [et al.] // BMJ. – 2020. – doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1966.
  • 15. Simonnet, A. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation / A. Simonnet [et al.] // Obesity (Silver Spring). – 2020. – № 28(7). – P. 1195–1199.
  • 16. Murugan, A. T., Sharma G. Obesity and respiratory diseases // Chron Respir Dis. – 2008. – № 5(4). – P. 233–242.
  • 17. Nie, W. Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a metaanalysis / W. Nie [et al.] // BMC Med. . – 2014. – 10;12:61. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-61.
  • 18. Booth, C. M. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area // JAMA. – 2003. – № 289. – P. 2801–2809.
  • 19. Garbati, MA, Fagbo SF, Fang VJ, et al. A comparative study of clinical presentation and risk factors for adverse outcome in patients hospitalised with acute respiratory disease due to MERS coronavirus or other causes / M. A. Garbati [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2016. – 11: e0165978.
  • 20. Schoen, K. Spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings in patients with diagnosis of H1N1 and correlation with clinical severity / K. Schoen [et al.] // BMC Infect Dis. – 2019. – 12;19(1):964. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4592-0.
  • 21. Guan, W. J. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis / W. J. Guan [et al.] // Eur. Respir. J. – 2020. – 55(5): 2000547. – doi: 10.1183/13993003.00547-2020.
  • 22. Li, B. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China / B. Li [et al.] // Clin Res Cardiol. – 2020. – № 109. – P. 531–38.
  • 23. Fadini, G. P., Morieri M. L., Longato E., Avogaro A. Prevalence and impact of diabetes among people infected with SARS-CoV-2 // J. Endocrinol Invest. – 2020. – № 43. – P. 867–69.
  • 24. Zhang, Y. Association of diabetes mellitus with disease severity and prognosis in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study / Y. Zhang [et al.] // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. – 2020. – 165: 108227.
  • 25. Kumar, A. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis / A. Kumar [et al.] // Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. – 2020. – no14. – 535e545.
  • 26. Roncon, L., Zuin M., Rigatelli G., Zuliani G. Diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection are at higher risk of ICU admission and poor short-term outcome // J Clin Virol. – 2020. – № 127. – 104354.
  • 27. Zhou, F. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study / F. Zhou [et al.] // Lancet. – 2020. – № 395. – P. 1054–62.
  • 28. Zhu, L. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes / L. Zhu [et al.] // Cell Metab. – 2020. – № 31. – P. 1068–77.
  • 29. Yan, Y. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes [Electronic resource] / Y. Yan [et al.] // BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001343. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 30. Sardu, C. Outcomes in patients with hyperglycemia affected by Covid-19: can we do more on glycemic control? / C. Sardu [et al.] // Diabetes Care. – 2020. – № 43. – P. 1408–15.
  • 31. Yang, J. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis / J. Yang [et al.] // Int J Infect Dis. – 2020. – № 94. – P. 91–95.
  • 32. Barron, E. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 related mortality in England: a whole population study /E. Barron et al. // SSRN Electronic Journal [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/valabhji-COVID-19-and-diabetes paper-1.pdf. Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 33. Cariou, B., Hadjadj S., Wargny M. Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study // Diabetologia. – 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00125–020–05180-x. Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 34. Ebekozien, O. A., Noor N., Gallagher M. P., Alonso G. T. Type 1 diabetes and COVID-19: preliminary findings from a multicenter surveillance study in the US [Electronic resource] // Diabetes Care. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org. 10.2337/dc20-1088. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 35. Apicella, M. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes [Electronic resourse] / M. Apicella [et al.] // Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. – 2020. – Mode of access: https://doi.org/10.1016/S22138587(20)30238-2. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 36. Шепелькевич, А. П., Солнцева А. В. Особенности ведения взрослых и детей с сахарным диабетом в сочетании с COVID-19 / Рецепт. Спецвыпуск COVID-19: Что должен знать каждый врач. – 2020. – № 2, 23, т. 2. – C. 81–95.
  • 37. Lusignan, S. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: a cross-sectional study [Electronic resource] / S. Lusignan [et al.] // The Lancet Infect Dis. – 2020. – Mode of access: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30371-6. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 38. Holman, N. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 related mortality in England: a cohort study in people with diabetes / N. Holman [et al.] // SSRN Electronic Journal. – 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Valabhji-COVID-19-and-Diabetes-Paper-2-FullManuscript.pdf. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 39. Chen, Y. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in association with glucoselowering medication / Y. Chen et al. // Diabetes Care. – 2020. – № 43. – P. 1399–407.
  • 40. Iacobellis, G., Penaherrera C. A. Bermudez L. E.,Bernal Mizrachi E. Admission hyperglycemia and radiological findings of SARS-COV-2 in patients with and without diabetes // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. – 2020. – 164: 108185.
  • 41. Zhang, Y. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes mellitus and secondary hyperglycaemia with coronavirus disease 2019: a single-center, retrospective, observational study in Wuhan [Electronic resource] / Y. Zhang [et al.] // Diabetes Obes Metab. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.1111/dom.14086. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 42. Bode, B. Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the United States / B. Bode [et al.] // J Diabetes Sci Technol. – 2020. – № 14. – P. 813–21.
  • 43. Wang, F. Clinical characteristics of 28 patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in Wuhan, China / F. Wang [et al.] // Endocr Pract. – 2020. – № 26. – P. 668–674.
  • 44. Li, X. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan [Electronic resource] / X. Li [et al.] // J Allergy Clin Immunol. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.006. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 45. Rayman, G. Guidance on the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in the exceptional circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic / G. Rayman [et al.] // Diabet Med. – 2020. – № 37. – P. 1214–1216.
  • 46. Kim, N. Y. Acute hyperglycemic crises with coronavirus disease-19: case reports / N. Y. Kim [et al.] / // Diabetes Metab J. – 2020. – № 44. – P. 349–353.
  • 47. Li, J. COVID-19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis [Electronic resource] / J. Li [et al.] // Diabetes Obes Metab. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.1111/dom.14057. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 48. Hamming, I. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein,the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first stepin understanding SARS pathogenesis / I. Hamming [et al.] //J Pathol. – 2004. – № 203. – P. 631–637.
  • 49. Sobngwi, E. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus and human herpesvirus 8 infection in subSaharan Africans / E. Sobngwi [et al.] // JAMA. – 2008. – № 299. – P. 2770–2776.
  • 50. Jie Chee, Y., Jia Huey Ng. S., Yeoh E. Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. – 2020. – № 164. – Р. 108166.
  • References
  • 1. Puig-Domingo, M. COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology /M. Puig-Domingo, M. Marazuela, A. Giustina // Endocrine. – 2020. – № 68 (vol. 1). – P. 2–5.
  • 2. Hoffmann, M. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor / M. Hoffmann [et al.] // Cell. – 2020. – Vol. 181, № 2. – P. 271–280.
  • 3. Kuba, K. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury /K. Kuba [et al.] // Nat Med. – 2005. – Vol. 11. – P. 875–879.
  • 4. Lonsdale, J. The genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) project / J. Lonsdale [et al.] // Nat Genet. – 2013. – Vol. 45(6). – P. 580.
  • 5. Li, M.-Y, Li L., Zhang Y., Wang X.-S. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of humantissues // Infectious Diseases of Poverty. – 2020. – № 28;9(1): 45. – doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x.
  • 6. Dobner, J., Kaser S. Body mass index and the risk of infection - from underweight to obesity // Clin Microbiol Infect. – 2018. – № 24(1). – P. 24–28.
  • 7. Wu, Z., McGoogan J. M. `Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in china: summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention // JAMA. – 2020. – № 323. – P. 1239–1242. МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ 1/2021
  • 8. Grasselli, G. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS- CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy / G. Grasselli [et al.] // JAMA. – 2020. – 28; 323(16). – P. 1574–1581.
  • 9. Bhatraju, P. K. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region- Case Series / Bhatraju, P. K. [et al.] // N Engl J Med. – 2020. – 21;382(21). – P. 2012–2022.
  • 10. Stefan, N. Obesity and impaired metabolic health in patients with COVID-19 / N. Stefan [et al.] // Nat Rev Endocrinol. – 2020. – № 16(7). – P. 341–342.
  • 11. Ryan, P. M., Caplice N. M. Is Adipose Tissue a Reservoir for Viral Spread, Immune Activation, and Cytokine Amplification in Coronavirus Disease 2019? Obesity (Silver Spring). – 2020. – 10.1002/oby.22843. doi:10.1002/oby.22843.
  • 12. Bornstein, S. R. Endocrine and metabolic link to coronavirus infection / S. R. Bornstein [et al.] // Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. – 2020. – 16(6). – P. 297–298.
  • 13. Qingxian, C. Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in Shenzhen, China / C. Qingxian [et al.] // Diabetes Care. – 2020. – doi: 10.2337/dc20-0576.
  • 14. Petrilli, C. M. Factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness among 4,103 patients with COVID-19 disease in New York City / C. M. Petrilli [et al.] // BMJ. – 2020. – doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1966.
  • 15. Simonnet, A. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation / A. Simonnet [et al.] // Obesity (Silver Spring). – 2020. – 28(7). – P. 1195–1199.
  • 16. Murugan, A. T., Sharma G. Obesity and respiratory diseases // Chron Respir Dis. – 2008. – 5(4). – P. 233–242.
  • 17. Nie, W. Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a metaanalysis / W. Nie [et al.] // BMC Med. – 2014. – 10;12:61.doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-61.
  • 18. Booth, C. M. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area // JAMA. – 2003. – № 289. – P. 2801–2809.
  • 19. Garbati, M. A., Fagbo S. F., Fang V. J. et al. A comparative study of clinical presentation and risk factors for adverse outcome in patients hospitalised with acute respiratory disease due to MERS coronavirus or other causes / M. A. Garbati [et al.] // PLoS One 2016. – 11. – Р. e0165978.
  • 20. Schoen, K. Spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings in patients with diagnosis of H1N1 and correlation with clinical severity / K. Schoen [et al.] // BMC Infect Dis. – 2019. – 12;19(1):964. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4592-0.
  • 21. Guan, W. J. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis / W. J. Guan [et al.] // Eur Respir J. – 2020. – 55(5): 2000547. – doi: 10.1183/13993003.00547-2020.
  • 22. Li, B. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China / B. Li [et al.] // Clin Res Cardiol. – 2020. – № 109. – P. 531–38.
  • 23. Fadini, G. P., Morieri M. L., Longato E., Avogaro A. Prevalence and impact of diabetes among people infected with SARS-CoV-2 // J Endocrinol Invest. – 2020. – № 43. – P. 867–69.
  • 24. Zhang, Y. Association of diabetes mellitus with disease severity and prognosis in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study / Y. Zhang [et al.] // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. – 2020. – 165: 108227.
  • 25. Kumar, A. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis / A. Kumar [et al.] // Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. – 2020. – № 14. – Р. 535e545.
  • 26. Roncon, L., Zuin M., Rigatelli G., Zuliani G. Diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection are at higher risk of ICU admission and poor short-term outcome // J Clin Virol. – 2020. – № 127. – 104354.
  • 27. Zhou, F. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study / F. Zhou [et al.] // Lancet. – 2020. – № 395. – P. 1054–62.
  • 28. Zhu, L. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes / L. Zhu [et al.] // Cell Metab. – 2020. – № 31. – P. 1068–77.
  • 29. Yan, Y. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes [Electronic resource] / Y. Yan [et al.] // BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001343. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 30. Sardu, C. Outcomes in patients with hyperglycemia affected by Covid-19: can we do more on glycemic control? / C. Sardu [et al.] // Diabetes Care. – 2020. – № 43. – P. 1408–15.
  • 31. Yang, J. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis / J. Yang [et al.] // Int J Infect Dis. – 2020. – № 94. – P. 91–95.
  • 32. Barron, E. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 related mortality in England: a whole population study [Electronic resource] / E. Barron [et al.] // SSRN Electronic Journal. – Mode of access: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/valabhji-COVID-19-and-diabetes-paper-1. pdf. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 33. Cariou, B., Hadjadj S., Wargny M. Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study [Electronic resource] // Diabetologia. – 2020. – Mode of access: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05180-x. Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 34. Ebekozien, O. A., Noor N., Gallagher M. P., Alonso G. T. Type 1 diabetes and COVID-19: preliminary findings from a multicenter surveillance study in the US [Electronic resource] // Diabetes Care. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.2337/dc20-1088. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 35. Apicella, M. COVID-19 in people with diabetes:understanding the reasons for worse outcomes [Electronic resource] / M. Apicella [et al.] // Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. – 2020. – Mode of access: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 36. Shepel’kevich, A. P., Solnceva A. V. Osobennosti vedenija vzroslyh i detej s saharnym diabetom v sochetaniis COVID-19 / Recept. Specvypusk COVID-19: Chto dolen znat’ kazhdyj vrach. – 2020. – № 2, 23, t. 2. – C. 81–95.
  • 37. Lusignan, S. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: a cross-sectional study [Electronic resource] / S. Lusignan [et al.] // The Lancet Infect Dis. – 2020. – Mode of access: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30371-6. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 38. Holman, N. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 related mortality in England: a cohort study in people with diabetes [Electronic resource] / N. Holman [et al.] // SSRN Electronic Journal. – 2020. – Mode of access: https://www.england. nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Valabhji-COVID-19-and-Diabetes-Paper-2-FullManuscript.pdf. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 39. Chen, Y. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in association with glucoselowering medication / Y. Chen [et al.] // Diabetes Care. – 2020. – № 43. – P. 1399–407.
  • 40. Iacobellis, G., Penaherrera C. A. Bermudez L. E., Bernal Mizrachi E. Admission hyperglycemia and radiological findings of SARS-COV-2 in patients with and without diabetes // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. – 2020. – 164: 108185.
  • 41. Zhang, Y. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes mellitus and secondary hyperglycaemia with coronavirus disease 2019: a single-center, retrospective, observational study in Wuhan [Electronic resource] / Y. Zhang [et al.] // Diabetes Obes Metab. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.1111/dom.14086. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 42. Bode, B. Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the United States /B. Bode [et al.] // J Diabetes Sci Technol. – 2020. – № 14. – P. 813–21.
  • 43. Wang, F. Clinical characteristics of 28 patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in Wuhan, China / F. Wang [et al.] // Endocr Pract. – 2020. – № 26. – P. 668–674.
  • 44. Li, X. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan [Electronic resource] / X. Li [et al.] // J Allergy Clin Immunol. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.1016/j. jaci.2020.04.006. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 45. Rayman, G. Guidance on the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in the exceptional circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic / G. Rayman [et al.] // Diabet Med. – 2020. – № 37. – P. 1214–1216.
  • 46. Kim, N. Y. Acute hyperglycemic crises with coronavirus disease-19: case reports / N. Y. Kim [et al.] // Diabetes Metab J. – 2020. – № 44. – P. 349–353.
  • 47. Li, J. COVID-19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis [Electronic resource] / J. Li [et al.] // Diabetes Obes Metab. – 2020. – Mode of access: https//:doi.org.10.1111/dom.14057. – Date of access: 20.07.2020.
  • 48. Hamming, I. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis / I. Hamming [et al.] //J Pathol. – 2004. – № 203. – P. 631–637
  • 49. Sobngwi, E. Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus and human herpesvirus 8 infection in subSaharan Africans / E. Sobngwi [et al.] // JAMA. – 2008. – № 299. – P. 2770–2776.
  • 50. Jie Chee, Y., Jia Huey Ng. S., Yeoh E. Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. – 2020. – № 164. – 108166.