Tudor domain was first identified in the Drosophila as maternal factor that regulates embryonic development and fertility. Later Tudor domain containing proteins (TDRD) have been identified from essentially all eukaryotes, including human. Tudor domain proteins have been found to be involved in many processes that regulate the metabolism of RNA molecules. TDRD interact with U snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) and function in spliceosome assembly and pre-mRNA splicing. Moreover, many Tudor domain proteins are involved in RNA interference and related pathways, in which small RNAs regulate gene expression, both post-transcriptionally and transcriptionally. TDRD regulate also chromatin activation or silencing and were characterized as transcription coactivators. Usually, Tudor domain proteins function as molecular adaptors, binding methylated arginine or lysine residues on their substrates to promote physical interactions and the assembly of macromolecular complexes. Many TDRD contain additional catalytic or functional domains and may function as effectors. In the present review, we will focus on the biological roles of different TDRD and their involvement in human diseases.
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