Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a poorly understood pathogen that is widespread in humansand animals. In the genomes of all organisms, there is a bias in the use of synonymouscodons. Mutations, genetic drift and natural selection are the main factors that determinecodon usage bias in the genomes of viruses. The aim of this study was to study the systematic error in the use of synonymous codons in whole genome sequences of HEV RNAgenotypes 1 and 3 isolated from different hosts. We studied 309 complete HEV genomesdeposited in the GenBank NCBI database (in silico). In the sequences of open readingframes ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3, the nucleotide composition, the composition of dinucleotides,the relative use of synonymous codons were studied, ENC-Plot analysis and parity ruleanalysis was performed, the dN/dS ratio was calculated. Found: GC composition of HEVsequences is 59.3 ± 0.52 %; in ORF1 and ORF2 in the third codon position, 3T(U) or 3Cis more preferred, and in ORF3 – 3C or 3G; in ORF1 and ORF2, CpG and TpC dinucleotidesare underrepresented, while TpG are overrepresented; in the synonymous codons of ORF2,a U/A terminal shift was detected, in ORF1 and ORF2 – 3G or 3C; the effect of translational selection on HEV-1 is more pronounced than HEV-3; preference for the use of synonymouscodons in ORF3 does not depend on the action of translational selection; the leading factorin the evolution of ORF1 and ORF2 HEV is negative (purifying) selection; neutrallyselected sites predominate in ORF3 of HEV-1, which is a consequence of the establishedrelationship between the virus and the host.
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- 1. The characteristics of the synonymous codon usage in hepatitis B virus and the effects of host on the virus in codon usage pattern / M. Ma [et al.] // Virol J. – 2011. – Vol. 8. – S. 544.
- 2. Hepatitis A Virus Codon Usage: Implications for Translation Kinetics and Capsid Folding / R. M. Pintó [et al.] // Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. – 2018. – Vol. 8, № 10. – P. a031781.
- 3. Auewarakul, P. Composition bias and genome polarity of RNA viruses / P. Auewarakul // Virus Research. – 2005. – Vol. 109, № 1. – S. 33–37.
- 4. Using codon usage analysis to speculate potential animal hosts of hepatitis E virus: An exploratory study / B. Li [et al.] // Infection, Genetics and Evolution. – 2022. – Vol. 101. – S. 105284.
- 5. Bouquet, J. Genetic characterization and codon usage bias of full-length Hepatitis E virus sequences shed new lights on genotypic distribution, host restriction and genome evolution / J. Bouquet, P. Cherel, N. Pavio // Infection, Genetics and Evolution. – 2012. – Vol. 12, № 8. – S. 1842–1853.
- 6. Dinucleotide Composition in Animal RNA Viruses Is Shaped More by Virus Family than by Host Species / F. di Giallonardo [et al.] // Journal of Virology. – 2017. – Vol. 91, № 8. – S. 10. – doi: 1128/jvi.02381-16.
- 7. Evolution of codon usage in Zika virus genomes is host and vector specific / A. M. Butt [et al.] // Emerg Microbes Infect. – 2016. – Vol. 5, № 10. – S. e107.
- 8. In Vitro Replication of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Genomes and of an HEV Replicon Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein / S. U. Emerson [et al.] // J Virol. – 2004. – Vol. 78, № 9. – S. 4838–4846.
- 9. Purdy, M. A. Evolutionary History and Population Dynamics of Hepatitis E Virus / M. A. Purdy, Y. E. Khudyakov // PLOS ONE. – 2010. – Vol. 5, № 12. – P. e14376.
- 10. Fedorov, A. Regularities of context-dependent codon bias in eukaryotic genes / A. Fedorov, S. Saxonov, W. Gilbert // Nucleic Acids Research. – 2002. – Vol. 30, № 5. – S. 1192–1197