Эпидемиологические аспекты новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19

Г.Н. Чистенко, И.Н. Вальчук, И.В. Федорова, М.И. Бандацкая УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет»

2022 №3 | Лекции

Аннотация

Список литературы

В статье представлены наиболее существенные эпидемиологические черты пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции. Указаны механизмы проникновения SARSCoV2 в организм, пути и факторы передачи, иммунологические механизмы взаимодействия вируса с клеточнорецепторным аппаратом. Рассмотрены вопросы формирования популяционного иммунитета к COVID19 посредством специфической профилактики: современные биоплатформы вакцин и их сравнительные характеристики, профиль безопасности, вопросы иммунологической и эпидемиологической эффективности вакцинации в условиях непрерывного появления вариантов SARSCoV2, вызывающих озабоченность. Изложены прогнозируемые эпидемиологические модели развития пандемии. Раскрыты основные направления комплексной системы профилактики новой коронавирусной инфекции в Беларуси.

Ключевые слова:

пандемия COVID19, эпидемиологический прогноз, устойчивость SARSCoV2, эволюция вирусов, вакцины, специфическая профилактика, популяционный иммунитет

Epidemiological aspects of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19

The most significant epidemiological features of the pandemic with a new coronavirus infection are presented in the article. The mechanisms of penetration of SARSCoV2 into the body, ways and factors of transmission, immunological mechanisms of interaction of the virus with the cellular receptor apparatus are indicated. The issues of the formation of population immunity to COVID19 through specific prevention are considered. Modern biological platforms of vaccines and their comparative characteristics, safety profile, immunological and epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination in the conditions of continuous emergence of SARSCoV2 variants of concern are discussed. The predicted epidemiological models of the pandemic development and the main directions of the complex system of prevention of coronavirus infection in Belarus are presented.

Keywords

COVID19 pandemic, epidemiological prognosis, SARSCoV2 resistance, virus evolution, vaccines, specific prevention, population immunity

1. Бутаев, Т. М., Цирихова А. С., Кабалоева Д. В., Кудухова Д. О. Эпидемиологические аспекты и профилактика новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19): обзор литературы // Анализ риска здоровью. – 2021. – № 3. – С. 167–176.
2. Зобов, А. Е., Карпущенко В. Г., Кобылкин Д. В., Колесников В. В., Свистунов С. А. Сравнительный анализ современных пандемий // Известия Российской Военно-медицинской академии. – 2021. – Т. 40, №S2. С. 99–101.
3. Ревич, Б. А., Шапошников Д. А. Роль аэрозолей в передаче вируса COVID-19 // Проблемы прогнозирования. – 2021. – № 4. – С. 28–37.
4. Andrews, N., Gower C., Stowe J., Tessier E., Kirsebom F., Gallagher E. et al. Duration of Protection of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Mild and Severe Disease // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2022. – Vol. 386(4). – P. 340–350. – doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2115481. Epub 2022 Jan 12.
5. Booth, T. F. et al. Detection of airborne severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and environmental contamination in SARS outbreak units // Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2005. – Vol. 191 (9). – P. 1472–1477. – doi: 10.1086/429634.
6. Dhama, K., Khan S., Tiwari R. et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19 // Clinical Microbiology Reviews. – 2020. – Vol. 33, № 4. – P. e00028–20. – doi: 10.1128/CMR.00028-20.
7. Ge, H., Wang X., Yuan X. et al. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19 // European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. – 2020. – Vol. 39, № 6. – P. 1011–1019.
8. Hao, Xu, Liang Zhong, Jiaxin Deng, Jiakuan Peng, Hongxia Dan, Xin Zeng, Taiwen Li & Qianming Chen. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa // International Journal of Oral Science. – 2020. – № 12(1). – Р. 8. – doi: 10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x.
9. Lauer, S. A., Grantz K. H., Bi Q. et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases. Estimation and Application // Annals of internal medicine. – 2020. – Vol. 172, № 9. – P. 577–582.
10. Neeltje, van Doremalen, Trenton Bushmaker, Dylan H. Morris et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2020. – Vol. 382. – P. 1564–1567. – doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
11. Nick, Andrews, Julia Stowe, Freja Kirsebom et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern [Electronic resource] // MedRxiv the preprint server for health sciences. – Access of mode: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267615v1.full.pdf. – Access of date: 31.01.2022.
12. Omar, Irfan, Jiang L, Kun Tang, Zhicheng Wang, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. Risk of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children and adolescents in households, communities and educational settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis [Electronic resource] // Journal of Global Health, 2021; 11: 05013. – Access of mode: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8285769/. – Access of date: 02.02.2022.
13. Qiao, Liu, Chenyuan Qin, Min Liu, Jue Liu. Effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in real-world studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Infect Dis Poverty. – 2021. – Vol. 10(1). – P. 132. – doi: 10.1186/s40249-021-00915-3.
14. Samah Hayek, Galit Shaham Yatir Ben-Shlomoeldad Keptennoa Dagan et al. Indirect protection of children from SARS-CoV-2 infection through parental vaccination [Electronic resource] // Science – 27 Jan 2022 – First Release. – DOI: 10.1126/science.abm3087. – Access of mode: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm3087. – Access of date: 02.02.2022.
15. Santarpia, J. L., Rivera D. N., Herrera V. L. et al. Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care [Electronic resource] // Scientific Reports volume 10, Article number: 12732 (2020). – Access of mode: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-69286-3. – Access of date: 02.02.2022.
16. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical briefing: Update on hospitalisation and vaccine effectiveness for Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529) 31 December 2021 [Electronic resource]. – Access of mode: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1045619/Technical-Briefing-31-Dec-2021-Omicron_severity_update.pdf. – Access of date: 02.02.2022.
17. Setti, L., Passarini F., De Gennaro G. et al. SARS-Cov-2 RNA Found on Particulate Matter of Bergamo in Northern Italy: First Preliminary Evidence // Environmental Research, 188, 109754, 2020. – doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109754.
18. Thomas, Harder, Wiebe Külper-Schiek, Sarah Reda, Marina Treskova-Schwarzbach , Judith Koch , Sabine Vygen-Bonnet , Ole Wichmann. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant: second interim results of a living systematic review and meta-analysis, 1 January to 25 August 2021 // Eurosurveillance Vol. 26, Iss. 41, 14/Oct/2021 Article [Electronic resource]. – Access of mode: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.41.2100920/. – Access of date: 02.02.2022.
19. Van Doremalen, N., Morris D. H., Holbrook M. G. et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 // New England Journal of Medicine. – 2020. – https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
20. Xiao, S., Li, Y., Wong T.-W., Hui D. S. C. Role of fomites in SARS transmission during the largest hospital outbreak in Hong Kong // PLoS ONE. – 2017. – № 12(7). – Р. e0181558. – doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181558.
21. Yu, I. T.-S., Qiu H., Tse L. A., Wong T. W. Severe acute respiratory syndrome beyond amoy gardens: Completingthe incomplete legacy // Clinical Infectious Diseases. – 2014. – Vol. 58 (5). – P. 683–686. – doi: 10.1093/cid/cit797.