The paper covers the up-to-date data concerning the pathophysiology, epidemiology, presentation, diagnostic approaches, differential diagnosis and current treatment modalities of the hereditary spherocytosis in children. The only pathogenetic treatment option is splenectomy, which prevents erythrocytes destruction and prolongs their lifespan, though it does not correct the intrinsic genetic defect that causes defects in membrane proteins. The paper studies possible complications of presplenectomy stage including hemolytic and aplastic crises, splenectomy peculiarities and postsplenectomy care. The main principles of follow-up care are presented in the paper with accent made on the importance of prevention and treatment of postsplenectomy infections caused by encapsulated microorganisms. These infections can be fulminant and life-threatening therefore require prompt emergent antibacterial therapy.
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