Cardiac remodeling is generally accepted as a determinant of the clinical course of heart failure. This article is devoted to describe the features of cardiac remodeling caused by myocardial infarction. We considered molecular, cellular and interstitial changes, also the influence by hemodynamic load and neurohormonal activation on the process is reviewed. From a biological point of view, cardiac remodeling is determined by the general process of adaptation, ventricular fibrosis and cell death. The development of HF in these patients shows insufficiency and limitations of general adaptation and their dependence on myocardial and peripheral factors. Global rearrangement of the myocardium of the left ventricle occurs in many patients after MI. that is the reason why the relevance of researches on post infarction cardiac remodeling is undoubted.
- 1. Арипов, М.А. Ишемическое ремоделирование левого желудочка: методологические аспекты, вопросы диагностики и лечения / М.А. Арипов, И.В. Бережинский, А.А. Иващенко; под ред. Л.А. Бокерия и др. - М., 2002. - 152 с.
- 2. Белов, Ю.В. Постинфарктное ремоделирование левого желудочка сердца: от концепции к хирургическому лечению / Ю.В. Белов, В.А. Вараксин. - М., 2002. - 194 с.
- 3. Нечесова, Т.А. Ремоделирование левого желудочка: патогенез и методы оценки / Т.А Нечесова, И.Ю. Коробко, Н.И. Кузнецова // Медицинские Новости. - 2008. - №11. - С. 7-13.
- 4. Сытый, В.П. Гормональная функция сердца в норме и при патологических состояниях / В.П. Сытый, А.Г. Мрочек // Медицинские новости. - 1995. - № 4. - С. 10-21.
- 5. Тарасов, Н.И. Оценка методом магнитно-резонансной томографии влияния метаболической и тромболитической терапии на показатели постинфарктного ремоделирования левого желудочка / Н.И. Тарасов, А.Н. Коков, Л.С. Барбараш // Терапевтический Архив. - 2006.- № 9. - С.38-43.
- 6. Электрофизиологическое ремоделирование миокарда: определение и применение понятия в клинической практике / Г.Г. Иванов [и др.] // Гипербарическая физиология и медицина.- 2000. - С. 20-25.
- 7. Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat/ E. Teiger [et al.] // J. Clin. Invest. - 1996. - Vol. 97. - P. 2891-2897.
- 8. Apoptosis in the failing human heart / G. Olivetti [et al.] // New Engl. J. Med. - 1997. - Vol. 336. - P. 1131-1141.
- 9. Biochemical correlates of cardiac hypertrophy. Experimental model, changes in heart weight, RNA content and nuclear RNA polymerase activity/ K.G. Nair [et al.] // Circ. Res. - 1968. - Vol.23. - Р. 451-462.
- 10. Biochemical correlates of cardiac hypertrophy. Observations on the cellular organization of growth during myocardial hypertrophy in the rat / D. Grove [et al.] // Circ. Res. - 1969. - Vol. 25. - Р.473-485.
- 11. Brain natriuretic peptide and other cardiac markers predicting left ventricular remodeling and function two years after myocardial infarction / R. Grybauskiene [et al.] // Medicina (Kaunas). - 2007. -Vol. 43, № 9. - P. 708-715.
- 12. B-type Natriuretic Peptide as Predictor of Heart Failure in Patients with Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Singlevessel Disease, and Complete Revascularization: Follow-up Study / S. Manola [et al.] // Croatian Medical Journal. - 2009. - Vol. 50. - P. 449-454.
- 13. Burnett, J.C. Novel therapeutic directions for the natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular diseases: what's on the horizon / J.C. Burnett // Journal of Cardiology. - 2006. - Vol. 48, № 5. - P. 235-241.
- 14. Cardiac remodeling - concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. On behalf of an international forum on cardiac remodeling / J.N. Cohn [ et al.] // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.- 2000. - Vol. 35. - P. 569-582.
- 15. Clinical applications of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) testing/ M.R. Cowiea [et al.] // European Heart Journal.- 2003. - Vol. 24. - P. 1710-1718.
- 16. Cohn, J. N. Critical review of heart failure: the role of left ventricular remodeling in the therapeutic response / J.N. Cohn // Clin. Cardiol. - 1995. - Vol.18, Suppl. Iv. - Р.4-12.
- 17. Controversies in ventricular remodelling / L.H. Opie [et al.] // Lancet. - 2006. - Vol. 367. - P. 356-367. 18. Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on left ventricular remodelling in patients with acute myocardial infarction / S. Kasama [et al.] // European Heart Journal. - 2008. - Vol. 29.- P. 1485-1494.
- 19. Fibrosis-induced reduction of endomyocardium in the rat after isoproterenol treatment / J.E. Jalil [et al.] // Circ. Res. - 1998. -Vol. 65. - Р.258-264.
- 20. Functional and biochemical analysis of angiotensin ii-forming pathways in the human heart /A. Wolny [et al.]// Circ. Res. - 1997. -Vol. 80. - Р. 219-227.
- 21. Gerdes, A. M. Structural remodeling and mechanical dysfunction of cardiac myocytes in heart failure / A.M. Gerdes, J.M. Capasso // J. Mol. Cell. Biol. - 1995. - Vol.27. - Р.849-856.
- 22. Hutchins, G. M. Infarct expansion versus extension: two different complications of acute myocardial infarction / G.M. Hutchins, B. H. Bulkley // Am. J. Cardiol. - 1978. - Vol. 41. - Р. 1127-1132.
- 23. Identification and activation of autocrine renin-angiotensin system in adult ventricular myocytes / X. Zhang [et al.] // Am. J. Physiol.- 1995. - Vol. 269. - Р. H1791-H1802.
- 24. Impairment of the myocardial ultrastructure and changes of the cytoskeleton in dilated cardiomyopathy / J. Schaper [et al.] // Circulation.- 1991. - Vol.83. - Р.504-514.
- 25. Interpretation and use of natriuretic peptides in noncongestive heart failure settings / S. Tsai [et al.] // Yonsei Medical Journal. - 2010.- Vol. 51, № 2. - P. 151-163.
- 26. Kramer, C.M. Remote noninfarcted region dysfunction soon after first anterior myocardial infarction. A magnetic resonance tagging study / C.M. Kramer [et al.] // Circulation.- 1996. - Vol. 94. - P. 660-666.
- 27. Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction / H.D. White [et al.] // Eur. Heart J. - 1987. - Vol. 76. - P. 44-51.
- 28. Left ventricular hypertrophy: a cytometric study on 42 human hearts / E. Astorri [et al.] // J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. - 1997. Vol.9. -Р. 763-775.
- 29. Mair, J. Biochemistry of B-type natriuretic peptide- where are we now? / J. Mair // Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. -2008. - Vol. 46, № 11. - P. 1507-1514.
- 30. Michel, J.-B. Left ventricular remodelling following experimental myocardial infarction / J.-B. Michel, A. Nicoletti , J.F. Arnal // Eur. Heart J.- 1995. - Vol. 16. - Suppl. I. - Р. 49-57.
- 31. Myocardial protein turnover in patients with coronary artery disease. Effect of branched chain amino acid infusion / Lh. Young [et al.] // Journal Of Clinical Investigation. - 1991. - Vol. 87. - P. 554-560.
- 32. Myocyte proliferation in end stage cardiac failure in humans / J.Kajstura [ et al.] // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. - 1998. - Vol. 95. - P. 8801-8805.
- 33. Myosin isozymes redistribution in chronic heart overloading/ A.M. Ompre [ et al.] // Nature. - 1979. - Vol. 282 - Р.105-107.
- 34. Natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP): measurement and relevance in heart failure / A. Palazzuoli [et al.] // Vascular Health and Risk Management. - 2010. - Vol. 6. - P. 411-418.
- 35. Natriuretic peptides in unstable coronary artery disease / T. Jernberg [et al.] // European Heart Journal. - 2004. - Vol. 25. - P. 1486-1493.
- 36. Nishikimi, T. The role of natriuretic peptides in cardioprotection/ T. Nishikimi, N. Maeda, H. Matsuoka // Cardiovascular Research. - 2006. - Vol. 69. - P. 318-328.
- 37. Oxidative stress during myocardial ischemia and heart failure/ R. Ferrari [et a I.] // Eur. Heart J. - 1998. - Vol. 19. - P. 138-141.
- 38. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension / A. Ganau [et a I.] // J. Am. Coll. Cadiol. -1992. - Vol. 19. - P. 1550-1558.
- 39. Pingitore A. Triiodothyronine (T3) effects on cardiovascular system in patients with heart failure / A. Pingitore,G. lervasi // Recent Patents Cardiovasc Drug Discov.- 2008. - Vol.3. - P.19-27.
- 40. Polyploidy of myocyte nuclei in pressure-overloaded human hearts: a flow cytometric study in left and right ventricular myocardium/ H.W. Vliegen [et a I. ] // Am. J. Cardiovasc. Pathol.- 1995. - Vol. 5. - P. 27-31.
- 41. Progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling after myocardial infarction. Potential mechanisms and early predictors / P. Gaudron [et al.]// Circulation. - 1993,- Vol 87. - P. 755-763.
- 42. Rumyantsev, P.P. DNA synthesis and nuclear division in embryonal and postnatal histogenesis of myocardium (autoradiographic study)/ P.P. Rumyantsev// Federation Proc.- 1965. -Vol.24. - P. 899-902.
- 43. Selective changes in cardiac gene expression during compensated hypertrophy and the transition to cardiac decompensation in rats with chronic aortic banding/ A.Feldman [et al.] // Circ. Res. -1993. - Vol. 73. - P. 184-192.
- 44.Swynghedauw, B. Basic aspects of myocardialfunction, growth, and development. Cardiac hypertrophy and failure in cardiovascular medicine/ B. Swynghedauw, E. Coraboeuf; edited byJ.T. Willerson and J. N. Cohn // New York: Churchill Livingstone. - 1994. - Chapt. 4. - P. 771-790.
- 45. Swynghedauw, B. Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling/ B. Swynghedauw// Physiol Rev. - 1999. - P.215-262.
- 46. Targeting the A c e 2 - A n g - ( l - 7 ) pathway in cardiac fibroblasts to treat cardiac remodeling and heart failure / I. Michikado [et al.] // Journal Of Molecular And Cellular Cardiology. - 2011. - Vol. 51. - Iss. 4. - P. 542-547.
- 47. Vese/y, D.L. Atrial natriuretic peptides in pathophysiological diseases/ D.L. Vesely// Cardiovascular Research. - 2001. - Vol. 51,-P. 647-658.