The study analyzed the clinical, hormonal, and metabolic characteristics of women with infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) depending on body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The mean age of participants was 29 years and did not differ significantly between groups, whereas body weight, BMI, and WHtR showed significant differences. In women with elevated BMI and clinical obesity (BMI ≥ 25 and WHtR ≥ 0.5), menarche occurred earlier, and menstrual cycles were characterized by oligomenorrhea, reflecting the impact of obesity on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The frequency of primary infertility and spontaneous miscarriages did not differ significantly between groups. Endocrine evaluation revealed decreased SHBG levels and increased LH, free testosterone, and estradiol, indicating enhanced peripheral androgen aromatization and hyperandrogenism against the background of metabolic disturbances. Women with obesity also showed a trend toward lower AMH levels, suggesting the influence of insulin resistance on ovarian reserve. Endometrial changes, including glandular polyps and signs of chronic endometritis, were more common in subgroups with obesity. Leptin levels were elevated in women with clinical obesity, confirming the presence of leptin resistance, which negatively affects oocyte quality, implantation, and outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies. These findings indicate that metabolic factors, including obesity and leptin resistance, play a key role in the pathogenesis of reproductive dysfunction in PCOS and are associated with hormonal disturbances and an increased risk of endometrial pathology.
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